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Programmed Inequality: How Britain Discarded Women Technologists and Lost Its Edge in Computing (History of Computing), by Marie Hicks

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Review

In this volume, Hicks has delivered a sophisticated work of scholarship: detailed, insightful, deeply researched.... But the book has a much wider relevance, too, which it would be unwise to understate. Discussing, as it does, the role of profoundly structural gender discrimination in the collapse of technical dominance by a formerly great power, this book makes very uncomfortable reading – on a number of levels.―Times Higher EducationFans of the movie Hidden Figures may be interested in this scholarly analysis of goings on across the Atlantic, by an historian of science at the Illinois Institute of Technology. Her deep dive into 'how Britain discarded women technologists and lost its edge in computing,' the subtitle, is a sobering tale of the real consequences of gender bias―a problem that persists in many technical fields today.―Harvard Magazine...makes a detailed historical and symbolic case for suppressed and unvalued women talent, and bad management for a whole country in a strategical sector.―Neural, 1/11/19

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This is a fascinating account of how the UK civil service gradually but deliberately pushed women out of computing technology jobs over a three-decade period. It's one of the best researched and most compelling examples of the negative impact of gender and class discrimination on a country's economy.―Maria M. Klawe, President, Harvey Mudd College (2018-01-01)Marie Hicks's well-researched look into Britain's computer industry, and its critical dependence on the work of female computer programmers, is a welcome addition to our body of knowledge of women's historical employment in science and technology. Hicks confidently shows that the professional mobility of women in computing supports the success of the industry as a whole, an important lesson for scholars and policymakers seeking ways to improve inclusion in STEM fields.―Margot Lee Shetterly, author of Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race (2018-01-01)This is a fascinating and disturbing account of women's roles in the British computing industry's rise and fall. In its analyses of job classifications and campaigns for equal pay, this study examines relationships between gender and computing in far greater detail than previous accounts. Deeply researched and persuasively argued, Hicks's study of computing in Britain complements existing accounts of women's exclusion from the US computing industry―and offers important lessons for the tech industries of both nations today.―Jennifer S. Light, Department Head and Professor of Science, Technology, and Society, MIT (2018-01-01)Programmed Inequality is a model of socially informed history that reveals deep linkages between technological modernization and profound cultural commitments to gender binaries and inequities. It defies any intention we may still hold to interpret the development of computing as distinct from matters of power, identity, and democratic participation.―Amy E. Slaton, Professor of History, Drexel University; author of Race, Rigor, and Selectivity in U.S. Engineering: The History of an Occupational Color LineComputing is widely recognized as a male-dominated field, but how did it come to be this way? In Programmed Inequality, Marie Hicks illuminates how structural discrimination shaped the composition of the British computer workforce and created lasting gender inequalities. Clearly written and elegantly argued, Hicks's book is a must-read for those hoping to understand how ideas about gender, class, and sexuality became embedded in computing and how government practices and new technologies worked together to undermine social and economic equality.―Eden Medina, Associate Professor of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University, Bloomington; author of Cybernetic Revolutionaries: Technology and Politics in Allende's Chile

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Product details

Series: History of Computing

Paperback: 352 pages

Publisher: The MIT Press; Reprint edition (February 23, 2018)

Language: English

ISBN-10: 0262535181

ISBN-13: 978-0262535182

Product Dimensions:

6 x 0.7 x 9 inches

Shipping Weight: 1 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)

Average Customer Review:

4.9 out of 5 stars

21 customer reviews

Amazon Best Sellers Rank:

#94,753 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

I highly recommend Programmed Inequality; it is essential reading for anyone who wants to understand the forces that have shaped the contemporary STEM labor market. The book analyzes the history of computing in 20th-century England to demonstrate how labor history and gender history are inseparable, and to argue that structural gender bias ultimately hobbled British technological development. It is worth emphasizing the Programmed Inequality was written by a professional historian; they have been trained to carefully examine and weigh the evidence provided by primary source materials (such as newsletters, government documents, employment records) creating during the historical period being studied *and* to interpret that evidence in light of what other histories, historians, journalists, and other authors have written about the subject.Programmed Inequality is interesting, clearly written, and thoroughly researched. Hicks employs evidence from the British Library, the London Metropolitan Archives, and the National Archives (plus other archives), as well as from interviews, government reports, computing manuals, and abundant non-archival sources to show how - and why - British computing became male-identified. Hicks demonstrates how women’s contributions to British technology were devalued and minimized over time, in parallel with how the British government struggled to usher in a promised technological revolution to improve British society.Chapter One, focused on World War II, shows “why the women who worked with the world’s first digital, electronic, programmable computers had a critical, material impact on the outcome of the war” (13). Chapter Two traces how “women’s technical abilities dropped in value” after the war (13). Then, “in 1964, Prime Minister Harold Wilson initiated a ‘white-hot’ technological revolution meant to burn up inequalities within British society as it modernized the country” (14). That “White Heat” effort produced job opportunities for men and women, but only briefly, as chronicled in Chapter Three. Chapter Four explains how recruitment efforts soon focused on “career-minded, management-aspirant young men” while “high-level jobs were thought to be inappropriate for women” (14). Chapter Five shows the effects of this gendered, targeted recruiting: because “the government neglected most of its trained technical workforce” - who were women - and struggled to find the “ideal technocrat” candidates - deemed to be men, “these new hiring standards had the effect of draining training budgets and exacerbating labor shortages” (15). Hicks’ compelling conclusion applies this cautionary tale for high-technology workforces today.

If you've heard the fuss over women in tech, but you're still not quite sure where it's coming from, this is a great book for you. If you're an ally to the women in tech movement, but want to understand it better, this is a great book for you. Even as a woman in tech, sometimes I wonder, "is all this really necessary? Why are people so passionate about this?" This book lays out the history clearly. Through understanding the history of the rise of technology and women's role in it, it becomes obvious why "women in tech" is such a big deal.Right on the cover, Hicks makes it obvious that women in tech have business value, and that this book outlines what happens when they are not valued. It is a cautionary tale. An eye opening history. I think that everyone can benefit from the history in this book.

I checked this book out from the library because it sounded interesting. I was just one chapter into it when I decided I had to own it. I rarely purchase books but this one is definitely a keeper. It's a dense book, full of rich information, but is not difficult to read. It's obviously very well researched and the author does a excellent job conveying details. Highly recommended!

Incredible.

Thoughtful history that completely re-writes the narrative that tech is a male domain by looking at the stories of those who worked in the expansion of post-WWW11 computing in the UK. A must read for people who want to understand the relationship between culture and workplaces or want to understand gender and technology. Engaging, interesting and insightful!

I'm a computer programmer, so this book was right up my alley. But still, I was surprised how much I learned, not just about computer history. This book shows how sexism hurts economies and entire nations. It's sad how much it resonates with what's going on today. A good read for anyone who is interested in why computing is the way it is right now and why talented, smart women still aren't given their due. The reason for this is all about power and history, not about women not being "good enough." And, the British example is a cautionary tale for the US: if we want to avoid a quick slide into second-rate world power status we'd do well to learn from their mistakes.On the brighter side, this book has tons of neat photos and cartoons of early computing, and the ways that women were represented in the early days of computing are truly surprising. From satirical cartoons to topless bikini shots (really) you'll see women represented as experts, idiots, and everything in between. The personal stories of the people interviewed were also great. Way more stories about people being electrocuted (or almost electrocuted) by computers than I would've imagined!

I taught this book in a graduate seminar recently, and it is a stellar example of the best of a new generation of history of computing that pays close attention to people, politics, labor, and gender. In my mind you cannot understand the work and culture of computer programming --- past or present --- without understanding the remarkable gender swap that happens in computer work in the middle of the 20th century. Computing was originally women's work, and it was only later made masculine. Contemporary efforts to get women into computing are not working against the "natural" state of the industry; they are necessary correctives to a series of missteps (deliberate or otherwise) that forced many women out, and discouraged many others from entering. Marie Hicks has written a rigorous but highly readable history that should be on the shelves of anyone serious about learning the history of the computer revolution.

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